Modern Homo sapiens sapiens is the product of a long several million-year evolution. Despite the achievements of science, there remain many mysteries and “blank spots” in the process of anthropogenesis. At the same time, spontaneous changes in the human body structure at the micro level continue. This means that human biological evolution has not ended. In addition, the emerging innovative technologies and quickly developing regenerative medicine may soon lead to significant modifications in the human body. The accelerated pace of environmental changes and scientific and technological progress demand that humanity should choose the direction of self-improvement, which will determine both its future as a biological species and its technological prospects. The presented analysis of possible changes in the structure and functions of the human body promotes rational approach and responsible attitude to these issues.